Can "await" Be Used Without "async" in JavaScript?

Starting with ES13/ES2022, in top-level modules, you can use await without having to wrap it in an async function, for example, like so:

// ES13+
// main.js
const response = await fetch('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/1');
const data = await response.json();
console.log(data); // { ... }

<script type="module" src="main.js"></script>

However, you can't use await without async in non-top-level modules. In such cases, you must always wrap it in an async function, for example, like so:

async function fetchData() {
  const response = await fetch('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/1');
  const data = await response.json();
  console.log(data); // { ... }
}

fetchData();

If you attempt to use await outside an async function in non-top-level modules, it will result in a syntax error:

// SyntaxError: await is only valid in async functions and the top level bodies of modules
const response = await fetch('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/1');
// ...